Informatics Publishing Limited

B. Ravi Prasad Rao ¹, V. Srinivasa Rao ¹, K. Prasad ¹, M. Ramesh ¹, D. Veeranjaneyulu ¹, K. Thulsi Rao ²

Affiliations
1 Biodiversity Conservation Division, Department of Botany, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur - 515 003, Andhra Pradesh, IN
2 State Project Coordinator, UNDP, 349, Aranya Bhavan, Saifabad, Hyderabad, IN

Abstract

The study was aimed to estimate standing biomass and carbon stocks in linear, scattered and block structures of trees outside forests through non-destructive method in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh. A total of 45.65 ha area was sampled in the district for this purpose. The study recorded a total of 19 species from linear plots, 35 species from scattered and 8 species in blocks with mean stem density of 18.2, 100.5 and 153.8 individuals' ha^-1 respectively and their respective mean basal area is 17.45, 1.48 and 26.58 m²ha^-1. The growing stock density is 13.59, 57.94 and 15.49 m³ for linear, scattered and block structures respectively and standing biomass density values are 99.14±216.48 Mg ha^-1, 5.73±7.37 Mg ha^-1 and 105.16±125.43 Mg ha^-1 for the same. The carbon stocks in linear structure is 47.09±102.8 Mg ha^-1; scattered structure 2.72±3.50 Mg ha^-1 and block structure 49.95±59.58 Mg ha^-1. The girth class distribution shows that in linear, scattered and block structure >150 cm GBH class contributes higher values of growing stock, standing biomass and carbon stocks.

Keywords

Carbon Stocks, Kurnool District, Standing Biomass, Trees Outside Forests

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P. V. S. Machiraju ¹, V. Srinivasa Rao ², Y. L. N. Murthy ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Chemistry, Pithapur Rajah's Government College (Autonomous), Kakinada-533 001, A.P., IN
2 Department of Chemistry, Aditya P.G. College, Kakinada-533 003, A.P, IN
3 Department of Chemistry, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-530 003, A.P., IN

Abstract

The liquid effluent treated from agro oil industry has an alkaline pH and lower level of dissolved oxygen (DO), which affects the aerobic respiration of organisms, and hence, not suitable for aquaculture application. Higher values of residual sodium carbonate (RSC), electrical conductivity, sulphate and total dissolved solids also suggest that the liquid effluent after treatment is also not suitable for irrigation purposes.

Keywords

Agro Oil Industry Effluent, RSC, Wastewater Irrigation, Aquaculture.

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P. V. S. Machiraju ¹, Y. L. N. Murthy ², V. Srinivasa Rao ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Chemistry, P. R. Government College, Kakinada-533 001, A.P., IN
2 Department of Chemistry, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-530 003, A.P., IN
3 Department of Chemistry, Aditya P.G. College, Kakinada-533 003, A.P., IN

Abstract

The treated effluent water from paper industry has an alkaline pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and the observed values indicate that, it affects the aerobic respiration of organisms and hence not suitable for aqua-culture application. Residual sodium carbonate (RSC) values observed for the treated liquid effluent sample suggest its suitability for irrigation purposes.

Keywords

Paper Industry Effluent, Irrigation Standards, Aquaculture Standards, Residual Sodium Carbonate, Water Classification.

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V. Rajendra Prasad ¹, D. Vishnusankar Rao ², G. Raghunadha Reddy ², G. Sivanarayana ³, V. Srinivasa Rao ³

Affiliations
1 Agricultural College, Naira- 532 185, IN
2 Department of Agricultural Economics, IN
3 Department of Agricultural Extension, Department of Agricultural Statistics, Agricultural College, Bapatla – 522 101, IN

Abstract

The present study aimed at studying the food security situation with respect to macro, socio-economic and consumption factors prescribed by FAO and to develop a policy prescription for attaining food security in Andhra Pradesh. The results revealed the problem of calorie deficiency, the declining per capita consumption, increase in the non-farming population in Andhra Pradesh, stagnant value addition by agriculture in total GDP, reduced purchasing power, declined access to food in rural areas, increased flexibility available with the government to spend on welfare programmes to increase availability, access and absorption and consequently on food security. Inequality in consumption expenditure, the alarming increase in general price level, the diversion of agricultural land to other nonagricultural uses reduced public investment in irrigation when compared to private investment were identified.

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V. Shanmukha Rao ¹, V. Srinivasa Rao ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Information Technology, Andhra Loyola Institute of Engineering and Technology, Vijayawada - 520008, Andhra Pradesh, IN
2 Department of Computer Science Engineering, V.R. Siddhartha Engineering College, Vijayawada - 520007, Andhra Pradesh, IN

Abstract

Objective: To design an FSER (Fuzzy _means cluster-based Social spider Elliptic Curve Cryptography Routing) protocol to enhance the security and prevent the loss of data while routing in FSO MANET. Methods/Statistical Analysis: Our proposed protocol scheme is based on three stages: (i) Cluster formation stage, (ii) Network routing stage and (iii) Secure communication stage. In the first stage, an efficient Fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering process is used to form clusters in FSO MANET. In the second stage, Social Spider Algorithm (SSA) is used to create the routing table through vibration to other spiders based on the distance from the members and efficient routing through vibration intensity of spiders in the web. In the third phase, we suggest an Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) Algorithm for MANET to provide secure data delivery from source to destination. Findings: A hierarchal secure FSER routing protocol for FSO MANET is proposed. Nowadays, MANETs are demanding higher bandwidths, smarter and faster. In this paper, the higher demands on growing application can be supported using FSO which has the advantage of low power consumption and higher bandwidth to support huge number of nodes. First, a temporary topology is created by forming clusters with cluster head in order to consume the energy in which each node having multiple transceivers. Then a quality aware routing is performed by checking the path for QoS demand from source to destination. A secure data delivery from source to destination is provided by encrypting the packets using the ECC authentication scheme. Improvements/Application: Experimental simulations on FSO MANETs are implemented in MATLAB tool by finding an optimal path to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed FSER protocol that fulfills several Quality of Service (QoS) constraints. The designed proposed protocol in FSO is observed to be performing well with high speed optical modulation for bandwidth intensive applications like multimedia.

Keywords

Elliptic Curve Cryptography, Fuzzy C-Means, Free-Spaceoptical, Security, Social Spider Algorithm.

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